Are Animal Experiments For Cosmetic Research Necessary And...

Are animal experiments for cosmetic research necessary and can they be justified? Abstract: This report investigates animal is cosmetic testing. The introduction outlines the focus of this report, the history of animal testing and presenting relevant case studies to illustrate the issue. The discussion provides in depth information about animal testing by presenting two sides of the story. The conclusion will highlight the main points learned to help decide if animal experiments are, indeed, necessary. Methodology: Searching online became useful for secondary sources. Websites such as BUAV (British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection), which offered a useful timeline, like the Cruelty Free International campaign and how these actions contributed to stopping animal testing in the EU. Cruelty Free International is supported by a number of celebrities including Ricky Gervais and Sir Paul McCartney. PeTA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) provided information about the types and alternatives of testing. The website also listed alternatives to animal testing, such as the Human skin models, which are considered in this report. News articles by the BBC were very helpful when considering the pros and cons of animal testing. A blog by â€Å"The Beauty Brains† provided a scientist’s opinion. Social networks e.g. Facebook and YouTube offered access to video campaigns and the public’s opinions. Primary sources were used to experience face-to-face research, askingShow MoreRelated Its Time to Stop Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation1594 Words   |  7 PagesTime to Stop Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation    Using animals in research and to test the safety of products has been a topic of heated debate for decades. According to data collected by F. Barbara Orlans for her book, In the Name of Science: Issues in Responsible Animal Experimentation, sixty percent of all animals used in testing are used in biomedical research and product-safety testing (62). People have different feelings for animals; many look upon animals as companionsRead MorePersuasive Essay On Animal Testing1155 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal Testing Animal experiments happen all over the world, but are they necessary? Animals are tested for medical research as well as for cosmetics. Some say that these experiments are not painful, so they are justified. Where others believe that all these experiments are inhumane and nothing can justify torturing and killing innocent animals. Although many believe that animal testing is the best way to improve human health by finding new treatments and tests for the safety of the productsRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Is Necessary For Medical Research1484 Words   |  6 Pagesthink if an animal tested product is being bought or not? Innumerable people fail to consider how these products came to be or if there was animal experimentation was involved. Many people are oblivious to the appalling occurrences that take place in laboratories involving animal cruelty on a daily basis. Government officials and scientists believe that testing on animals is essential for medical research, but many of the results prove to be irrelevant and the reality is that most animals that are experimentedRead MoreAnimal Experimentation, Ethics, And Ethics1703 Words   |  7 Pages Animal experimentation and Ethics -Tseten dolkar The practice of experimentation on live animals as known as vivisection is prevalent since the old roman days. In the name of Science, Animals are being mistreated, exploited and murdered worldwide. Animal are usedRead MoreCosmetic Testing with Animals is Cruel Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesCruelty of Cosmetic Testing on Animals    Each year, thousands of animals are brutally tortured in laboratories, in the name of cosmetic research. A movement to ban animal testing for cosmetic purposes has been gaining popularity, with many companies hopping on the bandwagon against this research. New alternatives have been developed to eliminate the necessity to test on animals. This is only a small beginning of what is necessary to end these immoral acts. Animal testing in cosmetics is uselessRead MoreAnimal Testing - Necessary or Barbaric and Wrong? - Discursive Essay.1482 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal testing has for a long time been a much debated moral issue. For many, this kind of testing has been the only kind of hope for developing new medicines and treatments for illness. For others, it is an unacceptable and unnecessary cruel way of exploiting animals for our own purposes. Treatments for illnesses such as tuberculosis, diabetes, kidney failure and asthma have all been discovered, and vaccinations against polio, di phtheria, tetanus and measles for example have all been found. ThereRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing1502 Words   |  7 Pagesthat animal testing is beneficial to the advancement of human knowledge, while animal rights’ activists claim that animal testing is not humane and violates animals’ rights. The controversy over animal testing is best understood as a disagreement about whether animal testing is beneficial to humans. Each year more than 100 million animals are killed in the U.S. Every country has a law that permits medical experimentation on animals. While some countries protect particular kinds of animals fromRead MoreEssay on Animal Testing1107 Words   |  5 PagesMany humans use animals for testing each year. Animal testing is when the animals are put through something or injected to see how they react to what medical research they have been used for. Its impossible to know exactly how many animals are being used in research because U.S. laws do not require scientists to report how many mice, rats, or bi rds they use, but it’s estimated that 90% of lab animals are mice and rats. It’s crucial that everyone know why animals should not be used for testing ofRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1445 Words   |  6 Pagesrealization of the cruelty behind them. Products like cosmetics, post-it notes, diapers, Kleenex, lotions and medications. Like many people, we don’t think twice about animal testing being involved. As long as the item is safe for you to use and works the way you want it to, there’s no problem. Some people may even argue that the results of the experimentation when using animals for testing outweigh the harm to these animals. Unfortunately, for animals they are not treated with respect, because peopleRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1278 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal testing or animal experimentation is the use of non-human species such as animals, in experiments to test the affect of controlled variables on the subjects b ehaviour or physical appearance. The use of animal testing in science is a controversial issue that has divided the public for many centuries; between immense passion and emotion from those opposing the practice, and those that preach its integral part in the advancement of science. The divide in the topic is between the scientific community

Literary And Cultural Theory During The Modern And...

Theories investigating subjectivity have dominated the field of literary and cultural theory during the modern and postmodern period. The way we understand subjectivity effects the way we understand the world around us, whether the subject is viewed in the Cartesian manner as a fixed entity, with a pre-existing nature that is not affected by the discourses that surround the it, or if we view the subject as one produced in and through the forces of power available in the time period, whether they be political, social or linguistic. The dominant model of understanding the subject up till the 20th century has been the model provided by Descartes, one where the self is understood as being independent and unsupported, where it is considered a private and autonomous experience deriving meaning and substance on its own without the assistance or influence of external factors. According to Descartes â€Å"true self-knowledge cannot rely on the contingent and fallible perceptual ideas that ar e not essential to one s true self.† During the age of Enlightenment reason and empirical knowledge were foregrounded, and were focused upon as the most important factors in understanding the world, consequently the individual was also emphasized as the creator of meaning. Human beings were understood as being born with great potential, and a stable, true self that if given the right to its unrestrained expression, could flourish and achieve anything. Heidegger was one of the first thinkers toShow MoreRelatedVarious Emerging Literary Genres During the 1900s Essay1191 Words   |  5 Pagesassurances once provided by religion, politics, or society no longer sufficed. This belief intensified after World War I, when it seemed to many that history itself was coming to an end. The modern life was horrific, chaotic and ultimately futile. The modernist period also saw a radical experimentation in literary form and expression. American modernism seemed to be of two kinds. One was cosmopolitan, created by expatriate writers such as Ezra Pound, Hilda Doolittle, Stein and T.S. Eliot. These writersRead MoreSummary : Professional Accomplishments Essay1637 Words   |  7 Pagesthe modern New Testament apocrypha. According to Judas a novel by Henryk Panas and „The Gospel According to Jesus Christ by Josà © Saramago. Thesis supervisor: dr. hab. BogusÅ‚aw Bednarek, University of WrocÅ‚aw. 1996-2001 – Doctoral Studies, Programme in Bibliology, Linguistics and Literary Science, University of WrocÅ‚aw, initially in the Culture Theory Research Unit, under the academic auspices of prof. dr. hab. Jerzy JastrzÄ™bski; from the second academic year – in the Literary Theory ResearchRead MorePostmodernism in Literature5514 Words   |  23 PagesPostmodern literature The term Postmodern literature is used to describe certain tendencies in post-World War II literature. It is both a continuation of the experimentation championed by writers of the modernist period (relying heavily, for example, on fragmentation, paradox, questionable narrators, etc.) and a reaction against Enlightenment ideas implicit in Modernist literature. Postmodern literature, like postmodernism as a whole, is difficult to define and there is little agreement on theRead More Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism and Consumer Society Essay1831 Words   |  8 PagesFredric Jameson Fredric Jameson (b. 1934) is one of the foremost English-language Marxist literary and cultural critics writing today. Over the past three decades, he has published a wide range of works analyzing literary and cultural texts, while developing his own neo-Marxist theoretical perspectives. His books include Marxism and Form (1971), The Prison-House of Language (1972), The Political Consciousness (1981), Postmodernism or the Logic of Late Capitalism (1991), The Geopolitical Aesthetic:Read MoreThe Effect of Cultural and Historical Situations on American Literature 1173 Words   |  5 Pages There is a connection between literary works from different time periods. This connection is how history, current events and social events have impacted American Literature. Literary works and writing styles have been affected and influence by the world around us. This is seen in many of the works assigned for this class. In order to see how cultural and historical situations affect literature throughout history, it is important to getRead More The Politics of Contemporary Approaches to Shakespeare Essay3166 Words   |  13 PagesAbstract Postmodern performance of Shakespeare, particularity in film, is characterized by a subjective experience within the play not an objective experience from the play. Under postmodernism, Shakespeare undergoes theorizing, deconstruction, displacement or death of the author, textual criticism, and cultural and political relativism but fails to produce solid answers. Postmodern Shakepseare does not offer new meanings but new and more possibilities for contemplating meaning. This fails bothRead MorePostmodernism and the Simpsons10775 Words   |  44 Pageswith special regard to the postmodern theories of intertexuality, hyperreality, and metanarratives. Before delving into The Simpsons, some major theoretical aspects of postmodernism in aesthetic production are outlined. Three of the most prominent theorists of postmodernism – Lyotard, Baudrillard and Jameson – are introduced, as well as their theories which will be brought into consideration in the following chapters. The objective of the essay is to apply these theories to The Simpsons and therebyRead MoreDevelopment Of Media And Communications Study1481 Words   |  6 Pagesessay I shall analyze the development of media and communications study and the themes that have helped it to improve during the last century. A persistent concept in this field is equality because theories like Marxism, Cultural Studies, Feminism, Structuralism and Post-structuralism, Subcultural Theory and Postmodernism examined this notion and gave it a meaning in that period of time. Against this background, a central question that motives this paper is: ‘How is equality developed by each ideologyRead MoreLiterary Analysis : Realism And Realism2179 Words   |  9 PagesIn literary analysis, realism is the art of writing about everyday life situations with no pretenses or embellishments to cloud the reader’s mind. This style of writing became prevalent during the latter half of the nineteenth century, and was d istinguished by the previous literary style of romanticism. Literary critics and reviewers alike have acknowledged realism as the â€Å"dominant paradigm in novel writing† (Rahn) during this time period as a way to discern the subtle shift in style. Realism givesRead MoreThe Influence of History on American Literature Essay1546 Words   |  7 Pagesconnection among literary works from different periods. The connection is that History, current events, and social events have influenced American Literature. Authors, their literary works, and the specific writing styles; are affected and influenced by the world around them. Authors have long used experiences they have lived through and/or taken out of history to help shape and express in their works. Writing styles are also affected by the current trends and opinions of the period they represent

The Cafe Terrace on the Place Du Forum, Arles, at Night free essay sample

The painting that I chose to write my formal analysis on is called â€Å"The Cafe Terrace on the Place du Forum, Arles, At Night†. This piece was created by Vincent Van Gogh in Arles, France and was completed sometime in September of 1888. This painting is oil on canvas, and it is currently housed in the Kroller-Muller Museum located in Otterlo, The Netherlands in Europe. This painting depicts a sidewalk cafe in France at night. There is a doorway to the front left of the painting that is painted blue, and is surrounded by a wall that gleams yellow from the outdoor lights. Attached to the wall, there is a large awning, and it covers the diners and the empty tables that are a part of the cafe. Above the awning, there are open window shutters that are painted green. A server dressed in black and white and holding a tray walks between the customers, which are all gathered to the rear of the restaurant, and there are six tables filled with diners dressed in ordinary dark clothes. There are eight empty tables taking residence in the painting, and they are placed towards the front of the painting, and also to the right of the diners. Next to and behind the cafe, there are people walking through the night streets. The pedestrians are dressed in brighter colors and more elaborate clothes than those that are seated. There is a street next to the restaurant that appears to be made of cobblestones, and the street winds around the restaurant to the rear of the painting and towards a dark town in the background. On the far right of the painting and opposite of the people eating, there are buildings lining the street. There are seventeen lit windows in various buildings on the street side. The building that is directly across from the cafe also appears to be a business, and the windows are wider that the buildings behind them. In the very front of the painting, a tree is visible, and the leaves are still green. Above everything in the painting, there is a blue sky and large bright stars that shine yellow. The Cafe Terrace on the Place du Forum, Arles, At Night is painted using oil paints on canvas. When Van Gogh painted this piece, he was most likely on site, and used tubes of paint. Van Gogh had a very particular method of creating new pieces of art, first drawing preliminary drawings and often writing about his new works to his brother, Theo. After completing one or more preliminary drawings, Van Gogh would gather his canvas, tubes of paint, and brushes, and would take pleasure in going outside to paint his objects firsthand. Van Gogh had a unique method of painting involving brushstrokes; he made large thick strokes, and sometimes forwent using any brushes at all, choosing to paint from a tube directly onto the canvas. Van Gogh used many elements of art elements in his works. The first element that is obvious in The Cafe Terrace is the element of line. The cobblestone street in the work illustrates line use, because they are framed with short, black lines. These small lines also add an element of texture to the painting. Another instance of line is evident in the buildings in the painting. The windows, doors, and other elements of the houses and businesses are defined more obviously because of the inclusion of black lines. The doorway edge at the front left of the painting is a line that leads the viewer’s eye to the awning. The line of the edge of the awning is another example of line, because it draws the eye down to the street, and the street draws you back to the cafe and the town behind it. Another example of an art element found in The Cafe Terrace on the Place du Forum, Arles, At Night is the element of space. There is a lot of space between the cafe and the buildings across the street, and the space is broken only by the nighttime pedestrians roaming the streets. Space is also represented by the crowd of diners that is gathered at the back of the restaurant. The crowd, along with the server, is crowded together and mirrors the empty space of the front of the cafe perfectly. The next art element that is evidence in the piece is the element of color. Color is highly evident in this painting, and helps to draw the viewer’s eye to certain places in the painting. The cafe is yellow, and adds a boisterous feeling to that section of the piece. The yellow light spills onto the street and walls of the town, creating bright colors and drawing the eye. The sky and town use dark colors to illustrate nighttime, although the bright spots of the stars cause the viewer to look to the sky. The next art element that is demonstrated in this painting is time and motion. The think strokes of the leaves on the tree make it looks as though a wind is blowing through the streets of France. The pedestrians in the street demonstrate an element of time and motion because they appear to have been caught mid-stride on the way to their destinations. The server in the cafe, as well as his customers, show motion because they are moving and having conversations amongst themselves. Texture and pattern are very easy to identify in this painting. The street’s cobblestones show texture and pattern in the way that they are arranged. Texture is also demonstrated through the paint strokes on the buildings, the tree, and even the sky. These thick, uneven strokes add a layer of depth and texture to all elements of the painting. The final element in The Cafe Terrace on the Place du Forum, Arles, At Night that demonstrates time is the stars and darkness that represent nighttime. The deep colors in the background, compared with the bright lights under the awning depict the time of day for the viewer. Besides many art elements, the painting also shows lots of art principles. The first principle that can be found is balance. This painting has asymmetrical balance, because the cafe and the empty space balance each other out. Another principle that is easily found in the work is the focal point. The awning draws the viewer’s eye to the focal point, or center of the painting; the cafe customers. The bright light under the awning emphasizes the focal point of the cafe as well. The next principle that can be found in The Cafe Terrace on the Place du Forum, Arles, At Night is scale and proportion. The proportion of the front tables compared to the back tables is different, which shows depth and scale. The proportion and size of the pedestrians compared to the other elements at the front of the painting show the scale of how far back the people and cafe customers might be sitting. Repetition and rhythm are both important principles that are present in The Cafe Terrace. The repetition of the cobblestones makes the viewer’s eye follow the street around the cafe and toward the people walking the streets. This painting demonstrates rhythm also, because of the obvious differences between the light and dark sections of the painting. Although the darkness sets a slower rhythm for the painting, the contrast of the light adds an element of excitement and life to the piece. The last art principle that can be found in the painting is unity and variety. These principles are evident in both the unity of the buildings and people, as well as in the variety between the looks of the people in the painting. The buildings create a sense of unity because they are all basically the same form and color, and they seem to go uniformly together. The people and colors both represent the variety in the painting, because of the vast differences between the bright color variety, as well as between the people’s appearances and clothing. When painting The Cafe Terrace on the Place du Forum, Arles, At Night, Vincent Van Gogh had many influences for his work. He came to Paris, but was led to Arles in the winter of 1888, where he began painting the different intriguing landscapes. Vincent was very interested in painting night scenes and began exploring with them at the time that he created The Cafe Terrace, a scene that he experienced firsthand during his time in France. Van Gogh has been quoted as saying that he was influenced by the Arles surroundings, and that he found inspiration in the life and color of the French countryside. Van Gogh struggled with a sense of self worth crisis, and his paintings were not successful pieces during his life. Van Gogh’s inability to sell a painting and fund his own expenses led to significant economic strain. This painting may also have been influenced by Van Gogh’s history with religious pursuits. Vincent Van Gogh’s father was a reverend, and Van Gogh served the church for a short amount of time before getting rejected for being too idealistic. This religious experience might have influenced Van Gogh’s paintings and other works later in life, including The Cafe Terrace on the Place du Forum, Arles, At Night. Another element that may have influenced Van Gogh in his paintings could be the role and function of artists in the 19th century. While many artists could make a successful living with painting, Van Gogh sold only one painting in his entire lifetime, which may have influenced him to work harder on his paintings. When looking at The Cafe Terrace on the Place du Forum, Arles, At Night, I think that Van Gogh is trying to communicate the separation of the group of diners and pedestrians from the viewer. There is a large space and empty tables and chairs between the viewer and everyone in the painting, and this communicate the loneliness that I think Van Gogh is trying to convey very well. This painting can also communicate the happiness of gathering together at night to eat and talk. The yellow lights shining off the people, walls, and the street help to communicate the brightness and togetherness of the townsfolk as they eat together. This painting makes me feel both lonely and separate from the crowd that has gotten together to eat. It also makes me happy because the people seem to be close to each other because they are sitting close together. I think about how people tend to group together at nighttime, and I feel like this is mostly a happy painting because of the brightness of the lights and the stars in the sky. I also think that this is a happy painting because although the picture is depicting night, there is little to no black used to show it. Mostly, the night and darkness is illustrated by blues and deep purples. While looking at this painting, it reminds me of many other pieces of work, both paintings by Van Gogh as well as others. The painting by Van Gogh that reminds me most of The Cafe Terrace on the Place du Forum, Arles, At Night is his work called Starry Night. These two paintings are alike because they both depict a brightened nighttime scene.

The Impact of the End of the Cold War on Canada free essay sample

This article examines major network news coverage of Cuba in Canada (CBC and CTV) and in the United States (ABC, CBS, and NBC) from 1988 through 1992. Given the different histories of Canadian-Cuban and U. S. -Cuban relations since the revolution, the extent of similar negative coverage of the island in both countries reporting is somewhat surprising. Also, it is apparent that the end of the Cold War did not change, in any fundamental way, the frames employed by television news in its coverage of Cuba. Resume: Les changements profonds dans le systeme politique international qui ont eu lieu de 1988 a 1992, et quon decrit generalement comme marquant la chute du communisme, indiqueraient la possibilite dun changement dans la facon que les chaines nord-americaines auraient de rapporter les evenements dans leurs programmes dinformation sur le Cuba. Cet article examinera les programmes dinformation des chaines canadiennes les plus importantes (CBC et CTV) et de celles des Etats-Unis (ABC, CBS et NBC) de 1988 jusqua 1992. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of the End of the Cold War on Canada or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Etant donne levolution differente dans les relations Canada / Cuba et Etats-Unis / Cuba depuis la revolution cubaine de 1959, nous avons ete frappes par le degre de ressemblance entre les reportages negatifs sur le Cuba faits par les chaines des deux pays nord-americains. En plus, il est evident que la fin de la guerre froide na pas change de maniere fondamentale le point de vue des reportages televises sur les evenements cubains. INTRODUCTION Between 1988 and 1992, the years for which we examine coverage of Cuba on Canadian and American television news, the international system experienced a series of profound changes. The fall of the Berlin Wall in late 1989 signalled the end of Communism in Eastern Europe, while the failed coup in Russia in the summer of 1991 marked the end of Communist control in that country as well. These events ended the Cold War which had set the framework for international politics for over 40 years and, while scholars debated what it would look like and what forces would drive it, a New World Order was widely proclaimed (Cox, 1994; Huntington, 1993; Pfaltzgraff, 1994; Sideri, 1993). From 1947 to 1992 the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union was waged on a global scale. While no country in the Western Hemisphere completely escaped the machinations of the Cold War, Guatemala, Guyana, the Dominican Republic, Chile, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Grenada were deeply affected. Cuba, however, was the pre-eminent flash point for U. S. -USSR conflict in the Hemisphere (Dominguez, 1978; Geyer, 1991; Huberman Sweezy, 1969; Oppenheimer, 1992). Most analysts agree that the few weeks of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 marked the closest point during the Cold War where a full-scale nuclear war between the U. S. and the USSR could have begun (Blight, Nye, Welch, 1987; Garthoff, 1988). Thus, not discounting U. S. hostility to Fidel Castros domestic policies and their impact on U. S. interests, it was Cubas role as a military ally / base /surrogate which allowed the USSR to project its military power into not only the Western Hemisphere but also Africa that magnified U. S. pposition to the Cuban Revolution (Bernell, 1994). Canada was a full partner of the United States in the Cold War as evidenced by military alliances such as NATO and NORAD. Nonetheless, a desire to conduct an independent foreign policy as a middle power frequently led Canada to adopt postures different from their ally. None has turned out to be as significant as Canadas independent policy on Cuba. An historical detachment from Latin America had meant that fe w Canadian vital interests had developed in the area that were threatened by the Cuban Revolution. Thus, Canadian policymakers did not accord Cuba the same prominence as did their American counterparts. Indeed, as time passed, the maintenance of some degree of normalcy in relations with Cuba was viewed as a testament to a made in Canada foreign policy. The contribution of mass media to understanding the world beyond ones range of personal experience is wide ranging (Bennett, 1988; Galtung Holmboe Ruge, 1965; Stevenson Shaw, 1984; Thompson, 1988). We know that there is reality as well as multiple media portrayals of that reality (Chang, Shoemaker, Bredlinger, 1987; Gans, 1979; Tuchman, 1978; Whitney Becker, 1982) and, as Todd Gitlin (1981) has summarized the relationship, the role of media is to certify reality as reality (p. 2). The question is which reality is certified? That is to say, which of a myriad of events are reported and in what perspective are those events portrayed? The momentous changes in the international system from 1988 to 1992 resulted in basic alterations in the structure of international conflict and significant foreign policy changes on the part of both Russia and the United States. In such circumstances media were offered an opportunity to re-assess the frameworks employed to explain international events. In this regard, Deutsch Merritt (1965) argue that perceptions of international reality (in their words images), once formed, act as filters or screens through which new information on the subject must pass. In the case of Cuba, the summary justice employed by the Castro government against officials of the Batista government in the immediate post-revolutionary period, the souring of relations between Cuba and the United States followed by the abortive Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961, and the move by Cuba into the Soviet orbit culminating in the Missile Crisis of October 1962 established a powerful set of negative filters through which events involving Cuba and Castro were interpreted by U. S. media in subsequent years. In a study of Fidel Castros image presented in The New York Times from 1953 to 1992, it was found that beginning in 1988 precisely when changes in the international system suggested a reduced threat emanating from Cuba Castro was presented in a more negative manner. For the first time, including the hostility-filled years of the 1960s, there was a focus on the negative aspects of Castro the person, as opposed to Castro the politician (Soderlund, 1997; see also Lewis, 1960; McCaughan Platt, 1988). It appears that U. S. edia would have four main framing or filter options available for dealing with Cuba in the post-Cold War era (Entman, 1991; Gamson, 1989; Iyengar, 1991). First, they could retain the Cold War frame of conflict and confrontation toward both Cuba and Castro without noticeable change. Second, they could depart radically from the earlier frame, presenting a positive, forgive and forget image, characterizing Cuba as an emerging nation and Castro as a misguided, but nevert heless honourable, leader. Third, they could separate the image of Cuba from that of the man who has dominated its politics for the past 40 years. Cuba could be presented in either a positive or negative fashion, while Castro could be presented in the opposite direction. Presenting Cuba and Cubans as a country and a people in need of liberation from a demented, power-hungry dictator who has lost touch with world developments is probably the most likely scenario for the third option. Fourth, as suggested by the change in The New York Times treatment of Castro beginning in 1988, we could see an increased coupling of Fidel Castros leadership with the progressively severe problems faced by Cuba in the post-Cold War period. This frame would result in the image of the country and its leader in fact coming closer together. Each of these options offer a reality that U. S. media can choose, independent of the facts of the situation. Each version of reality could serve as a possible framework for presenting facts regarding Cuba as events occurred over the period of the study. Perhaps there is a fifth filter more relevant for Canadian media. This would frame Cuba as a relatively unimportant, small country which, having lost its Cold War status, is no longer considered to be particularly newsworthy, hence coverage would drop off. U. S. -CANADIAN COMPARISONS This study compares U. S. and Canadian television news treatment of Cuba during a critical period of transition from one world order to another. As noted above, Canadian foreign policy toward Cuba had diverged considerably from that of the United States (Baranyi, 1985; Gorham, 1991; Haglund, 1987; Rochlin, 1988). Most notably, Canada never recognized the U. S. -imposed economic embargo of the island and continued to carry on diplomatic and trade relationships with Cuba. Pierre Trudeau, Canadian Prime Minister for most of the period 1968 to 1984, developed a warm personal relationship with Fidel Castro, and in 1976 the Trudeau family made a highly visible visit to Cuba. Canadian foreign policy differences with the United States made Canada wary of entry into the Organization of American States, which finally occurred in 1990, because successive Canadian governments feared that membership would either lead to conflict with the U. S. over Latin American policy (Cuba in particular) or could create circumstances in which Canada might be perceived as a foreign policy handmaiden to the United States. In any event, one would expect that coverage of Cuba in the Canadian mass media would have less of an ideological basis than would be the case in the United States. If a countrys mass media broadly reflect government policy (Herman Chomsky, 1988; Parenti, 1986), one would hypothesize a less negative image of Cuba and Castro on Canadian, as opposed to American, television news and predict further that this less negative image would be even more evident with the end of the Cold War. In the case of American TV networks, in addition to expecting a more negative portrayal of the island and its leader overall, it is debatable as to which reality filter U. S. television would follow when moving from a Cold War to a New World Order relationship with Cuba and Castro. Thus there are two interrelated questions which guide our inquiry: (1) What differences were there in Canadian and American TV presentations and images of Cuba and Fidel Castro? and (2) How did the end of the Cold War affect television coverage of Cuba in each country?